INTRODUCTION
What is innovative capacity?
Originally introduced by Prof.
Suarez-Villa in 1990 (see Publications)
the concept of innovative capacity measures the level of
invention and the potential for innovation in any nation, geographical area or
economic activity.
Invention here refers to ideas
that are patented. When those ideas are
used for some economic or social purpose they become innovations. Innovations are also often the source of new
ideas. Innovations are the source of
new technologies. Typically, as the
level of invention increases, more innovations and new technologies can be
expected. Measuring the level of
invention therefore provides an important indicator of the capacity or
potential for innovation and the introduction of new technologies.
Measuring innovative
capacity over time can provide important insights on the dynamics of
invention in any economic activity, nation or geographical area. Such insights may be used by policy-makers,
industry analysts or academic researchers for understanding changes in
invention, technology and the competitiveness of economic activities.
At the national level, innovative
capacity can provide comparisons on how inventive activity has
changed over time, and its relationship with the major drivers of invention,
such as educational access, the regulation of intellectual property, or the
enactment of laws. Crafting policies
and regulations that help promote invention may be one of the benefits of using
this concept.
For any economic activity or
industry, innovative capacity can measure its level of
invention at any time or between different locations. Providing comparisons with other activities or industries to
determine actual or potential technological leadership is one of the many uses
of this concept. Very often, for
example, declining levels of innovative capacity for any
industry or activity can serve as an early warning of future difficulties and
decline.
For any geographical area,
such as a state, province, metropolis, county or city, innovative capacity
can provide important indications of how it fares as a source of inventions and
new technology. Areas that become
important sources of innovative capacity usually develop
faster economically, attract highly skilled populations, and experience rising
incomes and trade.
Patents are an important type of data used for analyses of innovative capacity. Patent data are possibly the most reliable statistics that can be found. Historical patent data are available for most nations. In the United States, for example, patent data can be found annually since 1790. The criteria used for evaluating patent applications and awards are well known and are very consistent over time. Also, any changes in the evaluation criteria can be documented and adjusted for. Many different types of economic and social data can also be related to analyses of innovative capacity. Occupational, demographic, educational, income, infrastructural and trade data may also be used in measurements of this concept (see Publications). For examples of how the concept of innovative capacity can be applied in practice see Real World Applications.
Did a concept of innovative capacity exist before 1990?
As a concept, framework or
method, innovative capacity
was originally introduced in 1990 by
Prof. Suarez-Villa. The first article
on the concept of innovative capacity was published in the
refereed international journal Behavioral Science (see Publications). Among the article’s reviewers was Nobel
Prize laureate Herbert Simon, who was a member of the editorial board of that
journal.
The formulation of a concept,
framework or method involves its explicit definition, supported by a
theoretical construct or model, and demonstrated empirically with real-world
data. All of these features were part
of Prof. Suarez-Villa’s original publication of innovative capacity. No publication or paper by any other author
formulated a concept of innovative capacity prior to 1990.
As a figure of speech,
the term innovative capacity can be used to refer to many
situations. Note, however, that this is
different from its use as a concept, framework or method. As a figure of speech, for example, the term
innovative capacity might be used to refer to an individual’s
aptitude, to an educational quality, or to an entity’s condition, among
others. Such uses of the term innovative
capacity do not involve its application as a concept, framework or
method, but merely denote a characteristic.
The difference between the use
of a term to denote a concept, framework or method and its usage as a figure
of speech is important. An example
can be found in the term “multiplier.”
This word has been in use as a figure of speech since the start
of arithmetics. However, the concept
of the multiplier in the field of economics refers to a framework or method used
to understand a specific phenomenon.
Thus, usage of the term multiplier as a figure of speech dates
back to ancient times. As a concept,
however, it refers to the definition and measurement of a specific economic
phenomenon.
Why is it that some bibliographic data bases include the term innovative capacity
in the abstracts of articles published prior to 1990?
The words innovative
capacity have been misleadingly inserted in the abstracts of various
pre-1990 publications listed in some bibliographic data bases. The data bases in question are commonly used
in economics and management research.
In every case, the pre-1990 publications listed have been found not
to have formulated any concept, framework or method of innovative
capacity.
The very few publications that
included any mention of the term prior to 1990 used it only as a figure of
speech, to refer to a characteristic.
Thus, they did not use the term innovative capacity to
refer to a concept, framework or method. In other cases, publications listed in the data bases actually
did not use at all the term in their original abstracts, in their text
or illustrations.
To the extent that bibliographic data bases convey the impression that a concept of innovative capacity existed prior to 1990, they are unreliable and misleading. Readers should therefore check thoroughly and compare the wording of abstracts provided in bibliographic data bases with that of the original abstracts (found in print or that accompanied the original publication) before coming to any conclusion about the origin of the concept of innovative capacity.
It is very unfortunate that bibliographic data bases may
be misinforming researchers and readers in this manner. This situation might reflect an ethical
problem, if the term was inserted with the intent to convey the false notion
that a concept of innovative capacity existed prior to 1990.
Is innovative capacity generic?
As a concept, framework or method,
innovative capacity is not generic in any social science
discipline, or in related professional fields.
Indicators exist to determine when a concept becomes common knowledge, or generic, in any given field. General textbooks are an important indicator. Dictionaries dedicated to a field or discipline are also important in this regard. These are the most common benchmarks used to determine when an idea has become commonly known, or is generic, such that everyone in a given discipline immediately understands its purpose.
Innovative capacity cannot be found in any of the indicators used to
determine when a concept becomes common knowledge, or generic, in economics or
in any other social science discipline.
Ethical norms require that the source of any idea or concept that is not common knowledge receive bibliographic credit, whenever it is used. Such norms exist to promote fairness when using other authors’ work.
Why is copyright protection
invoked in this website?
Copyright protection is invoked
for the contents of this website in order to protect them from appropriation or
prejudicial misuse by unscrupulous individuals and organizations.
This website was installed in
September 2002 and has been continually updated since then. Its purpose is to provide information to
researchers, to students, and to the public at large. Because some authors have used and profited from the concept of innovative
capacity without providing attribution or credit, this website also
seeks to correct any misperceptions about the concept’s origins and
development.
Notice
Prof.
Suarez-Villa strongly rejects the sending of anonymous e-mails by any group,
organization, network, or by any individuals.
He is not
a member of, nor is he in any way
connected to, any group, organization, network or individuals that send
anonymous e-mails.
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reserved.